Intangiriro
Ubworoherane mpuzamahanga bivuga itandukaniro ryemewe mubipimo, imiterere, cyangwa ibindi biranga ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi byemewe namahame mpuzamahanga cyangwa amasezerano. Uku kwihanganira kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi biva mu bihugu bitandukanye bishobora guhinduka byoroshye, byorohereza ubucuruzi n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasesengura igitekerezo cyo kwihanganira mpuzamahanga, akamaro kacyo, ubwoko nuburyo byashyizweho kandi bishyirwa mubikorwa.
Igice cya 1: Sobanukirwa n'ubworoherane mpuzamahanga:
1.1 Igisobanuro cyo kwihanganirana:
Kwihanganirana mpuzamahanga bivuga ubushobozi bwabantu, societe, nibihugu byo kwakira no kubaha abantu bava mumico itandukanye, amadini, amoko, n'amoko atandukanye. Ni ukwemera ko ubudasa ari ikintu cyibanze cyubuzima bwabantu kandi ko bugomba kwizihizwa no kwakirwa aho gutinya cyangwa kwangwa. Ubworoherane mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu kwimakaza amahoro, ubwumvikane, n’ubufatanye hagati y’ibihugu n’abaturage ku isi.
Muri rusange, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga bikubiyemo kumenya no guha agaciro itandukaniro riri hagati yabantu. Ibi bivuze kwemera ko abantu bafite imyizerere, indangagaciro, imigenzo, n'imigenzo itandukanye, kandi ko itandukaniro ritari ryiza cyangwa ribi, icyiza cyangwa ikibi. Ahubwo, nibice bimwe mubidutera umwihariko nkabantu ku giti cyabo kandi nkabanyamuryango bimiryango minini.
1.2 Akamaro k'ubworoherane mpuzamahanga:
Icya mbere, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga biteza imbere amahoro n’amahoro. Iyo abantu bava mubihugu n'imico itandukanye bateraniye hamwe, usanga akenshi haba ubwoba bwamakimbirane bitewe nururimi, imigenzo, n'imyizerere. Ariko, iyo abantu biga kwihanganira itandukaniro, birashoboka cyane ko bagirana ibiganiro byamahoro bakabona aho bahurira. Ibi birashobora kuganisha ku gukemura amakimbirane no guteza imbere amahoro n’amahoro arambye.
Icya kabiri, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga biteza imbere guhanahana umuco no kumvikana. Mu kwakira ubudasa, abantu barashobora kwiga kubyerekeye indi mico n'inzira z'ubuzima, zishobora kwagura ibitekerezo byabo no kongera ubumenyi. Ibi birashobora gutuma dushimira cyane imico itandukanye no gusobanukirwa byimbitse isi idukikije. Guhana umuco birashobora kandi kuganisha ku iterambere ryibitekerezo bishya nudushya bigirira akamaro societe muri rusange.
Icya gatatu, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga biteza imbere ubukungu niterambere. Iyo abantu baturutse mubihugu bitandukanye bakoranye, bazana ubumenyi budasanzwe, ubumenyi, nubunararibonye bushobora kugira uruhare mubitsinzi byubucuruzi nimiryango. Ibi birashobora gutuma ubucuruzi bwiyongera, ishoramari, niterambere ryubukungu, bishobora kugirira akamaro buri wese ubigizemo uruhare. Byongeye kandi, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga bishobora gufasha kugabanya ivangura n’ubusumbane, bishobora kurushaho guteza imbere ubukungu.
Icya kane, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu gukemura ibibazo by’isi yose nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubukene n’indwara. Izi mbogamizi zigira ingaruka ku bantu baturutse impande zose z'isi kandi zisaba ingamba rusange zo kubikemura neza. Kwihanganirana mpuzamahanga birakenewe muguhuza abantu kugirango bakore intego rusange no gushakira igisubizo ibyo bibazo bigoye. Hatabayeho kwihanganira, byagorana kugera ku majyambere afite akamaro kuri ibyo bibazo.
Icya gatanu, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubutabera. Iyo abantu bihanganira abandi, birashoboka cyane ko bahagurukira kurwanya ivangura, urwikekwe, n'akarengane. Ibi birashobora gutuma habaho kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no guteza imbere ubutabera mbonezamubano ku bantu bose, batitaye ku miterere yabo cyangwa imiterere yabo.
Icya gatandatu, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu kubungabunga umutekano w’isi. Muri iyi si ihujwe n’isi, guhungabanya umutekano birashobora guturuka ahantu hose ku isi. Ubworoherane mpuzamahanga burakenewe mu kubaka ikizere hagati y’ibihugu no guteza imbere ubufatanye mu nzego z’ingabo, umutekano, ndetse no kubahiriza amategeko. Ibi birashobora gufasha gukumira amakimbirane no kubungabunga umutekano wisi.
Icya karindwi, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu guteza imbere iterambere rirambye. Iterambere rirambye risaba guhuza iterambere ry’ubukungu no kurengera ibidukikije n’inshingano z’imibereho. Kwihanganirana mpuzamahanga birakenewe muguhuza abantu kugirango babone ibisubizo bingana kandi birambye kuri bose. Ibi birashobora gufasha kwemeza ko ibisekuruza bizaza bigera kubikoresho bakeneye kugirango batere imbere.
Icya munani, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mu guteza imbere indangagaciro za demokarasi n'imiyoborere myiza. Imiryango iharanira demokarasi ishingiye ku biganiro byeruye, uruhare, no kubaha ubudasa. Ubworoherane mpuzamahanga burakenewe mu guteza imbere izo ndangagaciro no kureba ko leta zibazwa abenegihugu. Ibi birashobora gutuma habaho umutekano muke muri politiki no kuzamura imibereho yabantu bose.
Icya cyenda, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mugutezimbere guhanga no guhanga udushya. Iyo abantu bava mumiryango itandukanye bateraniye hamwe, bazana ibitekerezo n'ibitekerezo byihariye bishobora kuganisha kubuvumbuzi bushya. Kwihanganirana mpuzamahanga birakenewe mugushiraho ibidukikije bitera inkunga guhanga no guhanga udushya, bishobora kugirira akamaro societe muri rusange.
Hanyuma, kwihanganira mpuzamahanga ni ngombwa mugutezimbere iterambere ryumuntu no kwiyitaho. Iyo abantu biga kwihanganira abandi, birashoboka cyane ko bagira impuhwe
1.4 Ibintu byo kwihanganirana mpuzamahanga:
Hariho ibintu byinshi bigomba kwitabwaho mugushiraho ubworoherane mpuzamahanga kubice cyangwa inteko. Muri byo harimo:
Imikorere: Icyifuzo cyibanze mugihe cyo gushyiraho ubworoherane nigikorwa cyimikorere cyigice cyangwa inteko. Ubworoherane bugomba gushyirwaho kugirango igice gishobore gukora imirimo yagenewe mumipaka isabwa, kabone niyo cyaba cyarakozwe muburyo butandukanye mubunini cyangwa imiterere.
Ibikorwa byo gukora: Inzira yo gukora ikoreshwa mugutanga igice cyangwa inteko nayo igomba kwitabwaho mugihe hashyizweho ubworoherane. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora bushobora kuvamo urwego rutandukanye rwubunini nubunini, bityo kwihanganira bigomba gushyirwaho.
Igiciro: Ubworoherane burashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro byo gutanga igice cyangwa inteko. Kwihanganirana gukomeye birashobora gusaba uburyo bunoze bwo gukora ningamba zikomeye zo kugenzura ubuziranenge, zishobora kongera umusaruro. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa kuringaniza ibikenewe kwihanganira byimazeyo nigiciro cyo kubigeraho.
Guhinduranya: Ubworoherane mpuzamahanga bwateguwe kugirango ibice biva mubakora bitandukanye bishobora gukoreshwa kimwe. Ibi bivuze ko kwihanganira bigomba gushyirwaho kugirango ibice biva ahantu hatandukanye bizahurira hamwe neza kandi bikore nkuko byateganijwe, kabone niyo haba hari itandukaniro mubunini cyangwa imiterere.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho: Ubworoherane bushyirwaho nimiryango mpuzamahanga yubuziranenge nka ISO na IEC, iteza imbere amahame yumvikano ashingiye kubikenerwa n'inganda n'ubuhanga bwa tekiniki. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bitanga ururimi rusanzwe rwo kwerekana ubworoherane no kwemeza guhuza inganda n’inganda zitandukanye.
1.5 Ubwoko bwubworoherane mpuzamahanga:
Kwihanganira geometrike: Kwihanganira geometrike byerekana itandukaniro ryemewe mubunini n'imiterere y'igice cyangwa inteko. Mubisanzwe bagaragazwa bakoresheje ibimenyetso nka + cyangwa - kugirango berekane niba itandukaniro ryemerewe kuba rinini cyangwa rito kurenza agaciro kizina, hamwe numubare wumubare kugirango ugaragaze umubare wibihinduka byemewe. Ingero zo kwihanganira geometrike zirimo uburinganire, kuzenguruka, na perpendicularity.
Ubworoherane bukwiye: Ubworoherane bwibikwiye bugaragaza itandukaniro ryemewe muburyo ibice bibiri cyangwa byinshi bihurira hamwe. Ubu bwoko bwo kwihanganira bukoreshwa kenshi kugirango barebe ko guhuza ibitsina byoroshye kandi bitarangwamo inenge zishobora kugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwabo bwo kwishora neza. Ubworoherane bwibikwiye bugaragazwa hakoreshejwe ibimenyetso nka + cyangwa - kwerekana niba itandukaniro ryemerewe kuba rinini cyangwa rito kurenza agaciro kizina, hamwe numubare wimibare kugirango ugaragaze umubare wimpinduka zemewe.
Runout: Runout yerekana itandukaniro ryemewe muburyo bwo guhinduranya icyerekezo cya shaft cyangwa ikindi kintu kizunguruka. Ubu bwoko bwo kwihanganira bukoreshwa kenshi kugirango ibice bizunguruka bikora neza kandi bidasubirwaho bidateye kwambara cyane cyangwa kwangirika. Runout isanzwe igaragazwa hakoreshejwe ibimenyetso nka + cyangwa - kugirango yerekane niba itandukaniro ryemerewe kuba rinini cyangwa rito kurenza agaciro kizina, hamwe numubare wumubare kugirango ugaragaze umubare wibihinduka byemewe.
Igice cya 2: Gushiraho no Gushyira mu bikorwa Ubworoherane Mpuzamahanga:
2.1 Amashyirahamwe mpuzamahanga yubuziranenge:
Imiryango myinshi mpuzamahanga ishinzwe gushyiraho no kubungabunga amahame ajyanye no kwihanganira mpuzamahanga. Amashyirahamwe akomeye arimo:
a. Umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge (ISO): ISO ni ikigo cyihariye cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gishinzwe amahame mpuzamahanga.
b. Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikoranabuhanga (IEC): IEC ni umuryango mpuzamahanga utegura kandi ugatangaza amahame mpuzamahanga ku ikoranabuhanga ryose ry’amashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, n’ibijyanye nabyo.
c. Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’itumanaho (ITU): ITU ni ikigo cyihariye cy’umuryango w’abibumbye gishinzwe itumanaho mpuzamahanga.
2.2 Uruhare rwinzego zubuziranenge bwigihugu:
Inzego z’igihugu zifite uruhare runini mu iterambere no gushyira mu bikorwa ubworoherane mpuzamahanga. Bagira uruhare mu mirimo y’imiryango mpuzamahanga y’ibipimo, bagira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ibipimo, kandi bakemeza ko bishyirwa mu bikorwa no kubishyira mu bikorwa ku rwego rw’igihugu.
2.3 Inzira yo Gushiraho Ubworoherane Mpuzamahanga:
Inzira yo gushyiraho ubworoherane mpuzamahanga mubisanzwe ikubiyemo intambwe zikurikira:
a. Icyifuzo: Icyifuzo cyibipimo bishya byo kwihanganira bishyikirizwa umuryango mpuzamahanga ubishinzwe.
b. Isubiramo: Icyifuzo gisubirwamo ninzobere mu bya tekinike zaturutse mu bihugu bigize uyu muryango kugira ngo harebwe niba bishoboka kandi ko ari ngombwa.
c. Kwemeza: Niba icyifuzo cyemejwe, hashyizweho itsinda ryakazi kugirango ritezimbere.
d. Gutegura: Itsinda ryakazi ritegura ibipimo, hitawe kubintu bya tekiniki, ubukungu, nibidukikije.
e. Ikiringo c'ibitekerezo: Umushinga ngenderwaho ukwirakwizwa kugirango utange ibisobanuro ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango, inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe ubuziranenge, ndetse n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa.
f. Isubiramo: Ibitekerezo birasuzumwa, kandi umushinga wibipimo bisubirwamo.
g. Kwemererwa: Igipimo cya nyuma cyemejwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga ngenderwaho kandi kigatangazwa.
h. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa: Inzego z’ibipimo by’igihugu ziteza imbere kwemeza no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame mpuzamahanga yo kwihanganira ibihugu byabo.
2.4 Kureba ko hubahirizwa ubworoherane mpuzamahanga:
Kugirango hubahirizwe ubworoherane mpuzamahanga, ababikora nabatanga serivisi bagomba:
a. Menya amahame mpuzamahanga ajyanye no kwihanganira ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi.
b. Shyira mubikorwa uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga neza nuburyo bwo kugenzura kugenzura no gukomeza kwihanganira ibisabwa mugihe cyo gutanga no gutanga serivisi.
c. Mubisanzwe
c. Kora gahunda zamahugurwa nuburere kubakozi babo kugirango barusheho gusobanukirwa kwihanganira mpuzamahanga nakamaro kabo.
d. Gufatanya ninzego zigihugu zigihugu nizindi nzego zibishinzwe kugirango ubone ubuyobozi ninkunga yo kubahiriza ubworoherane mpuzamahanga.
e. Komeza ukurikirane kandi utezimbere umusaruro wabo na serivise kugirango ugabanye itandukaniro kandi urebe neza ko hubahirizwa neza kwihanganira mpuzamahanga.
f. Kwishora mubufatanye mpuzamahanga no guhanahana amakuru nabandi bakora nabatanga serivise kugirango bateze imbere ubwumvikane no kubahiriza ubworoherane mpuzamahanga.
g. Buri gihe usubiremo kandi uvugurure ibicuruzwa byabo n'amasezerano ya serivisi kugirango uhuze n'ibipimo mpuzamahanga bihanganira kwihanganira.
Umwanzuro
Ni ngombwa kumenya ubworoherane mpuzamahanga. Ifasha kubaka ibiraro hagati yabaturage no guteza imbere ubwenegihugu bwisi yose hamwe ninshingano zisangiwe kumibereho myiza yabantu. Mugushira mubikorwa izo ngamba, abayikora nabatanga serivise barashobora kwemeza ibicuruzwa byabo na serivise byujuje ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga busabwa, byorohereza kwishyira hamwe mumasoko yisi yose no kuzamura abakiriya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-18-2023
